What countries drive on the left side of the road? Answer is – Approximately one-third of the world’s countries and territories drive on the left-hand side of the road. The majority of these countries were once part of the British Empire, explaining the historical adoption of this practice. Some notable countries in this category include the United Kingdom, Australia, India, Japan, South Africa, and many island nations in the Caribbean and Pacific.

What countries drive on the left side of the road?

For most of the world, the answer is the left side of the vehicle. But in about a third of the world’s countries, the driver sits on the right. This fundamental difference in how we navigate the road is a fascinating subject with historical roots and practical implications.

What is left-hand traffic?

Left-hand traffic (LHT) refers to the practice of vehicles driving on the left side of the road. In LHT countries, cars have the steering wheel on the right side, allowing drivers better visibility for oncoming traffic and overtaking maneuvers. Conversely, in countries with right-hand traffic (RHT), the steering wheel is positioned on the left side of the vehicle.

While it might seem counterintuitive to some, driving on the left is a practice deeply rooted in history and followed by numerous countries even today. Understanding why this practice exists and where it’s prevalent offers insight into the diverse ways societies have organized themselves around transportation.

Brief overview of global driving side trends

It’s estimated that around 65% of the world’s population lives in countries with right-hand traffic, while the remaining 35% reside in left-hand traffic nations. This divide has fascinating geographical patterns:

A Legacy of Empire: The prevalence of LHT is largely a reflection of British colonial influence. Former British colonies like Australia, India, South Africa, and many others inherited the left-side driving system.

Continental Differences: Europe is predominantly a right-hand traffic continent, with the notable exceptions of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Malta, and Cyprus. Asia has a mix of LHT and RHT countries, while Africa features a similar blend.

Island Nations: Many island nations, particularly those in the Caribbean and the Pacific, often retain left-hand driving practices.

Dr. Sarah Walton Expert Opinion

“The side of the road a country drives on is more than just a curiosity,” says Dr. Sarah Walton, transportation historian at Oxford University. “It reflects historical trajectories, trade relationships, and even subtle aspects of how societies prioritize safety and efficiency.”

Why Do Countries Drive on the Left?

The reasons behind a country’s choice of driving side are a captivating mix of historical influences and practical considerations. Let’s explore these factors in more detail.

1. Historical Influences

British colonial legacy

The single most significant factor in the global spread of left-hand traffic was the expansion of the British Empire.

As Britain colonized territories across the globe, it often implemented its own traffic laws and customs, including driving on the left.

This practice remains in many former colonies to this day, including India, Australia, South Africa, and numerous island nations.

Other historical factors leading to left-side driving

While the British Empire played a central role, other historical circumstances contributed to left-side driving in certain areas:

Ancient Rome: Archaeological evidence suggests that the Romans may have favored keeping to the left on roads, a practice that potentially spread to parts of Europe before being overtaken by right-hand traffic trends.

Medieval Knights: Since most people are right-handed, mounted knights preferred to keep to the left. This allowed them to draw their swords with their dominant hand to defend against oncoming threats. It’s theorized that this practice might have influenced early road conventions.

French Revolution: In a symbolic act of defiance, some suggest that driving on the right in France gained prominence during the French Revolution as a way to reject old aristocratic norms and signal a new era. Napoleon’s subsequent conquests may have further solidified RHT in continental Europe.

2. Practical Reasons

Alignment with right-hand dominant drivers

Historically, horse-drawn wagons and carriages were common. Drivers typically sat on the rear-left side to better manage the horses with their whip in their dominant right hand.

It’s believed that keeping to the left side of the road evolved naturally from this practice for safety and visibility reasons.

Vehicle design compatibility

Prior to mass production, vehicles weren’t standardized in terms of steering wheel placement. However, as countries began formalizing traffic rules, having a consistent driving side became important.

Where LHT was established, early cars were likely designed with right-hand steering to better suit the prevailing system and driver expectations.

Professor William Davis Expert Opinion

“While historical events undoubtedly shaped the driving landscape, it’s important to remember that there are often practical reasons at play as well,” notes Professor William Davis, a transportation engineer specializing in traffic systems. “The choice of left or right traffic sometimes came down to aligning with the design of existing vehicles and promoting a sense of safety and order on the roads.”

Countries That Drive on the Left

While left-hand traffic makes up a smaller percentage of the global driving landscape, it remains prevalent in specific regions worldwide. Let’s focus on the European countries where you’ll encounter the thrill of driving on the left side.

1. Europe

Continental Europe is primarily a right-hand traffic region. However, four notable countries stand out as bastions of left-hand driving tradition:

United Kingdom: As the heart of the once-vast British Empire, the United Kingdom firmly established the practice of left-hand traffic across the globe. Comprised of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the UK offers a vibrant mix of bustling cities and scenic countryside to explore – all from the right side of your car.

Ireland: The Republic of Ireland gained independence from Britain in the early 20th century but retained the tradition of left-hand driving. With its lush landscapes, charming villages, and historic cities, Ireland is a prime destination for a road trip where navigating on the left becomes part of the adventure.

Malta: This small Mediterranean island nation, situated south of Sicily, is another former British colony that continues to drive on the left. Malta boasts a fascinating history, stunning beaches, and vibrant cities like Valletta, making it an intriguing spot for those comfortable maneuvering on the less-common side of the road.

Cyprus: Similar to Malta, Cyprus was once under British rule and has retained left-hand traffic since gaining independence. The island offers a blend of beautiful coastlines, ancient ruins, and the unique experience of driving on the left – providing a dash of driver’s education alongside your vacation.

Dr. Emily Thomas Expert Opinion

“It’s remarkable that these European nations have maintained left-hand driving despite being surrounded by right-hand traffic countries,” observes Dr. Emily Thomas, a cultural anthropologist specializing in European travel. “This speaks to the enduring legacy of history, and perhaps a certain fondness for tradition and distinction.”

2. Asia

Asia presents a fascinating mix of countries that drive on the left and those that adhere to right-hand traffic. Let’s dive into some of the key Asian nations where you’ll be driving on the “other” side of the road:

India: One of the world’s most populous nations, India inherited its left-hand driving system from its time as a British colony. With a diverse landscape encompassing bustling megacities, the Himalayan mountains, and the scenic beaches of Goa, planning a road trip adventure through India is perfect if you’re ready for the left-hand driving challenge.

Pakistan: Like India, Pakistan was part of British India and continued the practice of left-hand driving after gaining independence. The country offers a rich blend of history, culture, and diverse landscapes, making a road trip an unforgettable experience.

Japan: Surprisingly, Japan is one of the few highly industrialized nations that maintains left-hand traffic. While theories abound, some believe the tradition dates back to samurai customs of walking on the left to keep swords from clashing. For car enthusiasts, Japan offers unique experiences like exploring mountain roads or visiting the vibrant automotive subcultures of its major cities.

Thailand: A popular tourist destination known for its beaches, temples, and bustling cities, Thailand is another left-hand traffic country in Southeast Asia. If you plan on driving, be aware that busy urban areas and less developed roads each present distinct challenges.

Indonesia: Much like its neighbors, Indonesia’s history as a Dutch colony influenced its adoption of left-hand driving. With a vast archipelago of islands to explore, renting a car (or scooter) in Indonesia provides a sense of freedom and flexibility.

Malaysia: Malaysia also retains left-hand traffic practices inherited from its colonial history. With well-maintained highways and routes through scenic rainforests, Malaysia offers the adventurous traveler a mix of modern and natural landscapes to navigate.

Singapore: This small but highly developed city-state retains left-hand traffic from its British colonial past. Singapore boasts an excellent public transportation network, but if you plan on renting a car, be prepared for the efficient but sometimes congested traffic patterns.

And Others: Several other Asian countries also practice left-hand driving, including:

• Bangladesh
• Bhutan
• Brunei
• East Timor
• Sri Lanka

Priya Khanna Expert Opinion

“The persistence of left-hand traffic in many Asian countries highlights the deep-seated influence of colonialism and the interconnectedness of history and our everyday routines,” states Professor Priya Khanna, a historian specializing in South Asian transportation systems.

3. Africa

Similar to other regions influenced by British colonialism, parts of Africa retain the tradition of left-hand traffic. Here’s a look at some of the notable countries where you’ll encounter this driving pattern:

South Africa: A popular tourist destination, South Africa offers a thrilling mix of vibrant cities like Cape Town, stunning scenic routes such as the Garden Route, and the opportunity for safari adventures in its renowned wildlife reserves. Driving in South Africa can be a great way to see the country but it’s important to be aware of both left-side driving and some unique road hazards.

Kenya Known for its breathtaking safaris, rich wildlife encounters, and the landscapes of the Great Rift Valley, Kenya is another East African nation with left-hand traffic. Road conditions outside the main cities can present challenges, making it extra important to be alert and drive cautiously.

Mozambique: This former Portuguese colony later fell under British influence and eventually adopted left-hand driving practices. Mozambique boasts beautiful coastlines along the Indian Ocean and diverse national parks to explore.

Tanzania: Home to popular destinations like the Serengeti and Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania offers stunning natural beauty and a rich cultural heritage. While major roads might be in better condition, venturing off the beaten path in Tanzania often calls for additional preparation and patience.

And Others: Several other African countries also drive on the left, including:

• Botswana
• Lesotho
• Malawi
• Mauritius
• Namibia
• Seychelles
• Swaziland (Eswatini)
• Uganda
• Zambia
• Zimbabwe

Dr. Ayodele Adebayo Expert Opinion

“While left-hand traffic might seem unusual to some visitors, it’s very much a part of everyday life for millions of Africans,” remarks Dr. Ayodele Adebayo, an urban planning specialist based in Johannesburg, South Africa. “These systems have evolved over time and reflect the complex ways in which global trends are shaped and localized.”

4. Oceania

The influence of the British Empire extends to the islands of Oceania, where several countries retain the practice of left-hand traffic. Here’s a breakdown of some of the most popular destinations for travelers ready to experience the other side of the road:

Australia: Known for its vast outback, incredible beaches, and unique wildlife, Australia is a prime destination for a road trip adventure. From exploring cosmopolitan cities like Sydney and Melbourne to traversing the rugged Nullarbor Plain, Australia’s diverse landscapes offer endless opportunities for exploration.

New Zealand: With awe-inspiring mountain ranges, picturesque coastlines, and geothermal wonders, New Zealand is an outdoor enthusiast’s paradise. Road trips are a popular way to see the country, and its well-maintained roads make even left-hand driving quite manageable for visitors.

Fiji: This South Pacific island nation boasts a friendly population, beautiful beaches, and lush tropical rainforests. While many tourists stick to the resort areas, renting a car gives you the flexibility to explore the main islands of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu at your own pace.

Papua New Guinea: Papua New Guinea provides a more off-the-beaten-path adventure. From the bustling capital of Port Moresby to remote highland villages, it offers a glimpse into diverse cultures and rugged natural beauty. However, road conditions can be highly challenging and drivers should thoroughly research routes before venturing out.

And Others: Other countries in Oceania that also drive on the left include:

• Cook Islands
• Kiribati
• Nauru
• Niue
• Norfolk Island (territory of Australia)
• Samoa
• Solomon Islands
• Tokelau
• Tonga
• Tuvalu

Emily Peterson Expert Opinion

“Driving on the left in Oceania can be quite a pleasant and easy change, especially since many of these countries have less hectic traffic conditions compared to major global cities,” notes Emily Peterson, an experienced travel blogger specializing in the South Pacific. “It’s the perfect opportunity to hone your skills with a bit less pressure and immerse yourself in stunning environments.”

5. The Americas and Caribbean

While right-hand traffic dominates North and South America, echoes of the British Empire persist in specific Caribbean nations and a couple of South American territories. This makes for a fascinating mix when planning trips to the region. Here are some notable destinations:

Jamaica: Famous for its beaches, reggae music, and vibrant culture, Jamaica is a popular Caribbean getaway. From Montego Bay’s resorts to exploring the lush Blue Mountains, renting a car gives you the flexibility to experience the island’s diverse offerings.

Barbados: Known for its refined atmosphere, picturesque beaches, and historic Bridgetown area, Barbados welcomes tourists ready to explore while driving on the left. While there are public transportation options, experiencing the island on your own schedule adds a special touch.

Guyana: This South American nation is the only one on the continent that drives on the left. From the bustling capital of Georgetown to the pristine rainforests of the interior, Guyana offers a unique off-the-beaten-track adventure for the experienced traveler.

The Bahamas: These idyllic islands are a prime destination for beaches, snorkeling, and laid-back relaxation. However, be aware that the main islands of New Providence (Nassau) and Grand Bahama operate with left-hand traffic.

And Others: Several other countries and territories in the Americas and Caribbean also drive on the left, including:

• Antigua and Barbuda
• Bermuda (British Overseas Territory)
• British Virgin Islands (British Overseas Territory)
• Cayman Islands (British Overseas Territory)
• Dominica
• Grenada
• Montserrat (British Overseas Territory)
• Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Saint Lucia
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
• Trinidad and Tobago
• Turks and Caicos Islands (British Overseas Territory)

Dr. Anya Patel Expert Opinion

“Caribbean nations that drive on the left provide a fascinating mix of familiarity and the unexpected for many tourists,” notes Dr. Anya Patel, a professor of Caribbean studies. “They offer the comforts of popular destinations while adding a touch of driving excitement that reminds travelers they’re experiencing a distinct culture with its own history.”

Challenges of Switching Driving Sides

While the majority of countries have long established their driving conventions, a few nations throughout history have undertaken the dramatic transition from right-hand to left-hand traffic, or vice versa. These shifts reveal a host of logistical problems, financial burdens, and even questions about safety.

1. Cost and Infrastructure

The physical modifications required when switching driving sides are extensive and incredibly expensive. Here’s what it entails:

Road signage changes: Every directional sign, traffic light placement, lane marking, and road symbol needs to be redesigned, removed, and replaced. This requires massive labor and material costs.

Vehicle modifications (in some cases): Depending on existing vehicle design standards in the country, it might be necessary to retrofit older vehicles with headlights adjusted for the new driving side. Buses might need door placement modifications for safe boarding and alighting.

Public transportation adjustments: Buses, trains, and any public transportation system must be reconfigured to accommodate stops and passenger flow expectations on the opposite side of the road.

2. Driver Adaptation

While infrastructure changes are tangible, the challenge of shifting the mindset and habits of an entire population of drivers is a complex process:

Public education and awareness campaigns: Governments need to launch extensive campaigns to educate the public well in advance of the changeover. This includes everything from TV advertisements and school programs to detailed driver’s manual updates.

Potential confusion and accidents during transition: Even with preparation, a country-wide shift leads to a period of confusion and an inevitable increase in accidents as drivers re-learn ingrained behaviors. Managing this transition phase is crucial for safety.

Dr. William Davies Expert Opinion

“The human factor is often the largest hurdle in switching driving sides,” explains Dr. William Davies, a traffic safety researcher. “Our instinctual driving responses are hardwired over time. Requiring an entire nation to counter those instincts doesn’t happen overnight, no matter how many road signs you replace.”

What Does It Mean to Drive on the Left?

Driving on the left entails a fundamental shift in perspective for those accustomed to right-hand traffic. Here’s a breakdown of the key changes:

1. Driver’s position in the vehicle

In left-hand traffic (LHT) countries, the driver’s seat is on the right side of the car. This means the steering wheel, gearshift (for manual vehicles), and primary controls are all positioned for right-hand access.

2. Traffic flow patterns

Traffic proceeds in a clockwise direction, the opposite of right-hand traffic countries. This impacts everything from overtaking maneuvers to roundabout navigation:

• Overtaking: You’ll pass slower vehicles on their right side, giving you a better view of oncoming traffic.
• Roundabouts: Remember, traffic in roundabouts flows clockwise in LHT countries.

3. Road rules and adjustments

While core traffic laws are often similar, specific rules and expectations need to be re-learned when driving on the left side:

Yielding: Right-of-way rules at intersections often mirror those of RHT countries but need to be approached from a different visual perspective.

Turning: Turning across oncoming traffic (like a left turn in the US) requires extra vigilance in LHT countries.

Pedestrians: Train yourself to look the “opposite” way first when crossing streets or exiting a vehicle as a pedestrian, as traffic will be approaching from the less familiar direction.

Sarah Bennet Expert Opinion

“The biggest challenge in driving on the left is rewiring your brain’s autopilot,” says Sarah Bennet, an international driving instructor with experience teaching in both LHT and RHT countries. “Many of the actions we take behind the wheel become subconscious, and it’s disorienting when those instincts suddenly don’t work the way you expect.”

Conclusion

Whether a legacy of colonialism, a quirk of history, or a simple matter of practicality, driving on the left is a way of life for millions across the globe. While roughly a third of the world’s countries adhere to this practice, it creates a fascinating divide in how we experience the road.

Understanding the reasons behind left-hand traffic (LHT), the challenges faced by travelers, and the unique adjustments required highlights how seemingly simple things like which side of the road we use are deeply intertwined with culture, history, and our everyday habits.

Countries with LHT offer incredible diversity in travel experiences:

• Thriving modern cities and scenic rural routes in places like the United Kingdom and Australia.
• Fascinating histories and vibrant cultures across the islands of the Caribbean.
• Opportunities for adventurous exploration in countries like South Africa or Papua New Guinea.

Whether you dream of cruising down Australia’s Great Ocean Road, tackling the bustling streets of a Southeast Asian city, or hopping between picturesque Caribbean islands, understanding LHT opens doors to new destinations and exciting adventures behind the wheel.

FAQs

Is it difficult to drive on the left side of the road?

With practice and preparation, most travelers find they adapt to driving on the left. However, the level of difficulty can depend on your driving experience, the specific country’s traffic conditions, and the amount of time you dedicate to transitioning.

Can I rent a car in a country that drives on the left?

Yes, rental cars are readily available in left-hand traffic countries. Be sure to specify you need a right-hand drive vehicle. Automatic vehicles might be less common in some countries, so advance booking is wise.

What if I’m involved in an accident while driving on the left?

Be sure your travel insurance and any rental car insurance provides comprehensive coverage. Familiarize yourself with the local emergency numbers and the process for reporting accidents.

Are there resources to help me prepare for driving on the left?

Numerous online resources exist, offering tips, videos, and even practice simulations for driving on the left side. Tourist boards of specific countries often have helpful materials too.